The basic premise of most pyrometallurgical operations is simple. It has been reported that in the smelting processes from sulfide concentrates for copper production, the slag volume generated reaches 2. The original impetus for solution methods for copper extraction before the development of froth flotation technology was the existence of large ore bodies of low copper content which were. S\ term in the gibbs function equation \refgibbs, and thus by the entropy change. In ferronickel production, ores are posing difficulties for furnace design, sending engineers back to the drawing board to consider new cooling technologies and refractory selection methods. Pyrometallurgy copper casting metalworking free 30. Free energy of formation is negative for most metal oxides, and so the diagram is drawn with. The egyptians obtained their copper from israel and from cyprus. Introduction copper and copper alloys are essential materials for todays modern world. A plot of the temperature dependences of the free energies of these reactions, superimposed on similar plots for the oxygen removal reactions \\ref2. At tconst there are 422 degrees of freedom fix po 2, vary fesio 2 study the effect of cao at constant amount of cao in the slag. These pure copper products account for about 70% of copper use. The book describes systematically the thermal processes for the extraction of metals from their ores and their refining in a pure form.
Pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bioleaching are the methods widely used for metal recovery from solid waste. Using add reply allows you to attach images or pdf files and provide a more complete input. The branch of extractive metallurgy in which processes employing chemical reactions at elevated temperatures are used to extract and refine nonferrous metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled materials. In those days, stainless steel manufacturers required ferrochromium with. Copper and nickel are extracted by the sulfuric acidleaching route. Pdf this chapter highlights key aspects of pyrometallurgy. The copper in these products is mostly tough pitch copper, cathode copper into which 100500 ppm oxygen has been dissolved during meltingcasting. Pressure hydrometallurgy offers the possibility of liberating the copper industry from so2 problem. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.
Then, after being smelted, refined copper and copper products are yielded. View pyrometallurgy ppts online, safely and virus free. Chapter 6 copper production technology the last boomin technological innovation for the copper industry occurred in the first two decades of this century, whenopen pit mining, flo tation concentration,and the reverberatory smelter were adapted to porphyry copper ores. Copper 2007 cu2007 volume 3 the carlos diaz symposium on pyrometallurgy book 1 and 2 a. The remainder of unalloyed copper production is in the form of oxygen free high conductivity copper with 510 ppm dissolved oxygen. Typical flow sheet for pyrometallurgical copper production from ore. Pdf copper metallurgy at the crossroads researchgate. Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy.
Pyrometallurgy was a prominent part of minteks work during the 1930s. Leaching solutions with slags were left at free ph drift. Click download or read online button to get principles of pyrometallurgy book now. Copper that is mined from copper ore, after beneficiation, becomes high quality copper concentrate.
Volume iv pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 1 smelting operations. The smelting process depends on the different ways in which the free energies of reactions like \\ref2. In copper smelting, concentrates are becoming dirtier, needing a wider range of more innovative solutions to remove impurities and maintain product quality. Pyro and hydrometallurgical copper processing p3 youtube. Pyrometallurgy definition is chemical metallurgy depending on heat action such as roasting and smelting.
Therefore an improvement of the pyrometallurgical refining process is. The most important operations are roasting, smelting, and refining. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by merriamwebster. Pyrometallurgy, extraction and purification of metals by processes involving the application of heat. A vast majority of metallurgical reactions are made to take place at elevated temperature, because then the compounds become relatively unstable, facilating the realese of the metal, this is called as pyrometallur. Obviously, the copper extraction in pyrometallurgy contributes the largest amount of slag among all the nonferrous metals. The concentrate is further processed in steps of electrolytic refining electrolysis, pyrometallurgy, and selectivesolvent extraction refining for final separation of the pure precious metals. A typical pyrometallurgical copper smelting process, as illustrated in figure.
G of a reaction is a measure of the thermodynamic driving force that makes a reaction occur. Fourteen domestic mines accounted for more than 95 percent of the 1. Oxides and pyrometallurgy 3 montreal losses of cu into slag distribution of minor elements, pb and zn, among matte, slag and cu chemical system. In 1989, arizona produced 60 percent of the total u. Pyrometallurgy, nonferrous article about pyrometallurgy. It consist of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. In modern metallurgy, pyrometallurgy is of major importance in the production of many of the most useful metals, including iron, steel, lead, copper, and nickel.
Pyrometallurgy will continue to be a dominant extractive metallurgical method of choice for treating highgrade clean ores and concentrates, such as iron ore or copper. It includes a historical introduction, basic theoretical principles, and a selected list of references. Both hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are conducive to the rapid and efficient attainment of metal mixtures, resulting from high temperatures and highly. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. This paper provides a brief overview of the current copper smelting operations in southern africa. General principles of production of metals by pyrometallurgy. Copper is the worlds oldest metal and was used more than 5000 years ago for water plumbing in the pyramid of cheops in egypt. Pyrometallurgy free download as powerpoint presentation. Oxides and pyrometallurgy copper extraction from sulfide concentrates using equilib program selection of databases phase selection. Pyrometallurgical treatment of high manganese containing deep. Warner published by canadian institute of mining, metallurgy and petroleum 2007. Materials handling in pyrometallurgy download ebook pdf. Monoxide transition calculation 2010 oxides and pyrometallurgy 1 montreal export of results to excel and plotting phase diagrams of oxide systems in equilibrium with metals.
Pyrometallurgy the basic premise of most pyrometallurgical operations is simple. There are two ways of smelting copper, one is pyrometallurgy, the other hydrometallurgical. Pdf pyrometallurgical refining of copper in an anode furnace. Volume iv pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 1 smelting operations, ancillary operations and furnance integrity kapusta, j. Hydrometallurgy refers to the application of aqueous solutions for metal recovery from ores, and has been practiced for copper recovery for many years. Pyrometallurgy the science and technology of hightemperature metallurgical processes.
The first published paper 2 in this field, written by r. For a given oxide mo to be smeltable, the temperature must be high enough that reaction \\ref2. Download materials handling in pyrometallurgy or read online books in pdf, epub, tuebl, and mobi format. For a variety oftechnical and economic reasons, theseoresoften cannot beprocessed by normal flotation and pyrometallurgical techniques. Use add reply to replyparticipate in a topicdiscussion most frequent. However, in the case of lowgrade ores or complex concentrates with abundant impurities, a combination of the use of hydrometallurgical and aqueous electrowinning are gaining. Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore less than 1% copper and ends with sheets of 99.
Roasting, or heating in air without fusion, transforms sulfide ores into oxides, the sulfur escaping as sulfur dioxide, a gas. Copper has the largest production in the world among all the nonferrous metals produced from pyrometallurgical approach. The crystals are shoveled with copper shovels into this hopper, which fills the pushcar underneath through a spout with slide in the center. We are a largescale manufacturer specializing in producing various mining machines including different types of sand and gravel equipment, milling equipment, mineral processing equipment and building materials equipment. Pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy is the branch of extractive metallurgy. Pyrometallurgy article about pyrometallurgy by the free. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by the free. The procedures that are used in pyrometallurgy are roasting, smelting, conversion, refining, and distillation. Principles of pyrometallurgy download ebook pdf, epub.
The book also includes current information on unit operations used. Casting and smelting of copper began around 40003500 b. The first published paper2 in this field, written by r. Leached residue makes up the highgrade pgmcu concentrate containing 3065% pges. This temperature dependence is almost entirely dominated by the \t. The glogow ii smelter is a new plant fol 150,000 mtpy of copper using the outokumpu flash furnace with oxygen enrichment for direct smelting the lowiron concentrates to copper. Therefore an improvement of the pyrometallurgical refining process is necessary to produce.
In most instances, both phases are molten such as the matte and slag in a conventional copper smelting operation. The most common types of ore, copper oxide and copper sulfide, undergo two different processes, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, respectively, due to the different. Polymetallic deepsea nodules contain cobalt, copper, manganese. This treatment may produce pure metals,intermediate. Feng zhao, shuhua wang, in electronic waste management and treatment technology, 2019. Forsyth, dealt with the use of south africas lowgrade chromite ores in the direct production of stainless steel. Pdf the decreasing quality of the input materials in copper recycling leads to a higher content of impurities in the anode copper. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by merriam. Pdf copper technology changed from the vertical to the horizontal furnace and from the roast reaction to converting towards. Click download or read online button to get materials handling in pyrometallurgy book now. How copper is extracted, crushed, and sent to the two major processing methods. Differentialflotation processes for mixed sulphides seldom giveascleanaseparation asdesired, andinsomeinstances. As a result, the metal from the furnace can be less pure than the individual metal grains that were originally in the ground.
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